What is it?
Osteoarthritis is a chronic condition where the protective cartilage within a joint gradually deteriorates. As cartilage wears down, the joint becomes inflamed and less stable, leading to pain and reduced range of motion.
Over time, the body attempts to stabilise the joint by producing new bone (osteophytes), which further limits movement and contributes to stiffness.
OA may develop as a result of:
- Hip or elbow dysplasia
- Cruciate ligament rupture
- Patella luxation
- Previous trauma or fracture
- Age-related degeneration
It can affect any joint, but commonly involves the hips, elbows, stifles and spine.
Clinical signs & changes
Osteoarthritis often develops gradually. Early signs can be subtle and easily missed.
Owners may notice:
- Stiffness after rest
- Slower rising from lying down
- Reluctance to jump or use stairs
- Reduced enthusiasm for walks
- Lameness that improves once warmed up
- Behavioural changes (irritability, withdrawal)
- Muscle wastage over affected limbs
- Difficulty settling comfortably
Many dogs compensate well initially, masking discomfort.
Veterinary diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by a veterinary surgeon through:
- Clinical and orthopaedic examination
- Gait assessment
- Radiographs (X-rays)
- Response to pain relief trials
Veterinary management may include:
- Anti-inflammatory medication
- Multimodal pain management
- Joint supplements
- Weight management plans
Physiotherapy works alongside veterinary care to optimise joint function and mobility.
Physiotherapy input
Physiotherapy is a key component of long-term osteoarthritis management.
A tailored rehabilitation programme may include:
- Targeted strengthening to support affected joints
- Core stability work to reduce compensatory strain
- Controlled mobility exercises
- Range-of-motion techniques
- Gait retraining
- Pain-relief modalities such as therapeutic laser or manual therapy
Regular rehabilitation helps:
- Maintain muscle mass
- Improve joint support
- Reduce stiffness
- Enhance overall movement quality
Prognosis and long term management
Osteoarthritis is a lifelong condition, but proactive management can dramatically improve comfort and independence.
Long-term strategies may include:
- Maintaining optimal body condition
- Regular, low-impact exercise
- Warm-up routines before activity
- Non-slip flooring at home
- Raised bedding and supportive sleeping areas
- Ongoing physiotherapy reviews
Early intervention significantly improves long-term outcomes.